Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear power plants are the operational core of the fuel cycle. In Canada, this includes traditional reactor types (power and research reactors) alongside emerging technologies such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which are now advancing toward deployment.

▪ Power Reactors

All commercial nuclear power reactors  operating in Canada are CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactors. CANDU reactors are pressurized heavy-water reactors that use natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as both coolant and moderator.

CANDU technology allows Canada to operate reactors without uranium enrichment and supports online refuelling during operation.

For host communities, reactor operations influence long-term municipal planning, emergency preparedness arrangements, workforce dynamics, infrastructure demands, refurbishment cycles, and public engagement requirements.

All nuclear reactors are licensed and regulated by the CNSC throughout their lifecycle, including construction, operation, refurbishment, and eventual decommissioning.

▪ Research Reactors

Research reactors support scientific research, materials testing, and the production of medical isotopes.

While smaller in scale than commercial power plants, research reactors are subject to rigorous regulatory oversight, security requirements, and emergency planning provisions.

Municipalities hosting research facilities may experience unique workforce and research partnerships, as well as heightened public interest in isotope production activities.

▪ Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are a newer class of nuclear reactors designed to be smaller in size and output than traditional reactors. SMRs are being assessed in Canada for potential deployment in grid-connected, remote, or industrial applications. Canada is one of the leaders in the world in its preliminary licensing of these reactors (Darlington).

Proposed SMR projects may introduce new licensing processes, environmental assessments, construction phases, and municipal engagement considerations.

Understanding SMR technology, regulatory review processes, and deployment models is important for communities exploring future nuclear opportunities.